Parthian Fortresses of Nisa

Entry requirements depend on your passport. Turkmenistan is one of the world's most restricted countries for visitors, and most nationalities require a Letter of Invitation (LOI) from a registered tour company before applying. Check the specific requirements for your passport on the Turkmenistan page at Yoogo.

Turkmenistan uses the Turkmenistani manat (TMT). Cash is essential for virtually all transactions. Card acceptance is extremely limited. US dollars are the most useful foreign currency to bring. Always use authorised exchange points and retain receipts.

Turkmenistan is a highly controlled authoritarian state. While violent crime targeting tourists is rare, the government exercises extensive surveillance and restrictions on movement and photography. Travellers must generally be accompanied by a licensed guide. Follow all guidance from your tour operator and avoid photographing government buildings and military installations.

Most visitors travel with an organised tour, which typically includes private vehicle transport. Independent travel is extremely restricted. Domestic flights connect Ashgabat with other cities. Hiring a private driver through a licensed tour company is the practical approach for most itineraries.

Spring (April to May) and autumn (September to October) are the best times, with mild temperatures. Summers are extremely hot, particularly in the Karakum Desert where the Darvaza Gas Crater is located. The crater, known as the 'Door to Hell', is a draw year-round.

Turkmen is the official state language. Russian is still widely understood, especially among older generations and in business. English is rarely spoken outside the limited tourist sector. A guide who speaks English or Russian is effectively essential for most visitors.

Consult a travel health clinic before visiting Turkmenistan. Hepatitis A, typhoid, and routine vaccinations are commonly recommended. Water quality outside Ashgabat is unreliable; drink bottled water. Medical facilities are limited outside the capital.

Tipping is not a strong local tradition but is appreciated in tourist settings. Guides and drivers on organised tours typically expect a gratuity at the end of the trip. Small tips at restaurants are welcomed but not obligatory.

Internet access in Turkmenistan is heavily restricted and among the least free in the world. Many websites and services are blocked. Mobile coverage exists in cities but data speeds are slow. Foreign SIM cards may not function. Wi-Fi at hotels is available but filtered.